Investigating the Need for Urban Air Mobility in Tehran City

Mohammad Matin  Roohbakhsh Panbeh; Ali Hosseini Gelevardi

doi:10.63053/ijset.49

Authors

Mohammad Matin Roohbakhsh Panbeh Master's student in transportation engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran,Iran
Ali Hosseini Gelevardi Master's student in transportation engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran,Iran

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63053/ijset.49

Keywords:

Transportation, Air taxi, Advanced air mobility, Urban air mobility, Traffic

Abstract

The increase in urbanization has led to the creation of dense population in urban areas, along with economic development and the increase in vehicles, which has led to an increase in demand and consequently an increase in many challenges regarding mobility and infrastructure. Solving these challenges or reducing the effects of these challenges can have significant effects on people's daily lives. Various solutions have always been proposed to solve these challenges, some of which have been successful and some of which have not. In the city of Tehran, too, challenges have arisen due to the rapid growth of urbanization, population, and vehicles, and solutions have been proposed to solve these challenges or improve the conditions, but due to the current conditions in Tehran, these solutions have not been able to appear as successful as they should be. In this paper, by examining the conditions of Tehran in terms of noise pollution, energy and fuel consumption, air pollution, traffic conditions, public and road transportation, it is proved that Tehran needs a new mode of transportation. According to today's needs of Tehran, this new mode of transportation can be an urban air mobility (UAM) that can be used in areas such as passenger and goods transportation. The presence of this mode of transportation in the transportation system of Tehran, in addition to improving the level of transportation of this city, helps to improve and even solve the challenges of today's transportation in Tehran, such as the high noise pollution of this city.

References

• Adp, A.G., (2021). Paris region, Groupe ADP and RATP Group announce the structuring of the Urban Air Mobility industry branch with the creation of a test area at Pontoise airfield and the opening of a call for expressions of interest. In: Groupe ADP - Serv. Presse. https://presse.groupeadp.fr/experimentation-volocopter-pontoise-airfield/.

• Ahmed, S. S., Fountas, G., Eker, U., Still, S. E., & Anastasopoulos, P. C. (2020). An exploratory empirical analysis of willingness to hire and pay for flying taxis and shared flying car services. Journal of Air Transport Management, 90, 101963.

• Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A theory of planned behavior. In Springer eBooks (pp. 11–39).

• Al Haddad, C. A., Chaniotakis, E., Straubinger, A., Plötner, K., & Antoniou, C. (2019). Factors affecting the adoption and use of urban air mobility. Transportation Research Part a Policy and Practice, 132, 696–712.

• Alam, M. S., & Georgakis, P. (2022). The State of the Art of Cooperative and Connected Autonomous Vehicles from the Future Mobility Management Perspective: A Systematic Review. Future Transportation, 2(3), 589–604.

• Amundsen, A.H. and R. Klæboe, (2005) A Nordic perspective on noise reduction at the source.: Transportøkonomisk institutt Oslo, Norway

• Archer, 2021. Archer announces commitment to launching its urban air mobility network in Miami by 2024. https://archer.com/news/archer-announces -commitment-to-launching-its-urban-air-mobility-network-in-miami-by-2024.

• Archer, 2022. Archer and united airlines announce first commercial electric air taxi route in the US: downtown manhattan to newark liberty international airport. https ://www.archer.com/news/archer-and-united-airlines-announce-first-commercial-electric-air-taxi-route-in-the-us-downtown-manhattan-to newark-liberty-internation al-airport

• Archer, 2023. United airlines and archer announce first commercial electric air taxi route in chicago. https://investors.archer.com/news/news-details/2023/United-Airlines-a nd-Archer-Announce-First-Commercial-Electric-Air-Taxi-Route-in-Chicago/default. aspx.

• Aviation, Joby, 2022. ANA Holdings and Joby Partner to Bring Air Taxi Service to Japan | Joby. https://www.jobyaviation.com/news/ana-holdings-and-joby-partner-bri ng-air-taxi-service-to-japan/.

• Baptista, P., Melo, S., & Rolim, C. (2014). Energy, Environmental and Mobility Impacts of Car-sharing Systems. Empirical Results from Lisbon, Portugal. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 111, 28–37.

• Bimbraw, K. (2015). Autonomous Cars: Past, Present and Future - A Review of the Developments in the Last Century, the Present Scenario and the Expected Future of Autonomous Vehicle Technology. Automation and Robotics.

• Boddupalli, S., Garrow, L. A., German, B. J., & Newman, J. P. (2024). Mode choice modeling for an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) air taxi commuting service. Transportation Research Part a Policy and Practice, 181, 104000.

• Boddupalli, S.-S., (2019). Estimating Demand for an Electric Vertical Landing and Takeoff (eVTOL) Air Taxi Service Using Discrete Choice Modeling. Georgia Institute of Technology

• Boelens, J. (2019). Pioneering the Urban Air Taxi Revolution 1.0. [White paper]. Volocopter.

• Boucher, P. (2015). ‘You Wouldn’t have Your Granny Using Them’: Drawing Boundaries Between Acceptable and Unacceptable Applications of Civil Drones. Science and Engineering Ethics, 22(5), 1391–1418.

• Bruehl, R., Fricke, H., Schultz, M., 2021. Air taxi flight performance modeling and application. Usa/europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Air-taxi-flight-performance-modeling-and Br%C3%BChl-Fricke/f511bcceab329dcf61b8626a8912718c7e9dbf6 9.

• Brühl, R.; Lindner, M., Fricke, H. (2022). Locating air taxi infrastructure in regional areas The Saxony use case. In Proceedings of the Deutscher Luft-und Raumfahrtkongress (DIRK), Dresden, Germany

• Brunelli, M., Ditta, C. C., & Postorino, M. N. (2023). SP surveys to estimate Airport Shuttle demand in an Urban Air Mobility context. Transport Policy, 141, 129–139.

• Carson, R. T., & Groves, T. (2007). Incentive and informational properties of preference questions. Environmental and Resource Economics, 37(1), 181–210.

• Chen, L., Wandelt, S., Dai, W., Sun, X., 2021. Scalable vertiport hub location selection for air taxi operations in a metropolitan region. Informs J. Comput.

• Cho, S., & Kim, M. (2022). Assessment of the environmental impact and policy responses for urban air mobility: A case study of Seoul metropolitan area. Journal of Cleaner Production, 360, 132139.

• Coppola, P., De Fabiis, F., & Silvestri, F. (2024). Urban air mobility (UAM): Airport shuttles or city-taxis? Transport Policy, 150, 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.03.003

• Dannenberger, N., Schmid-Loertzer, V., Fischer, L., Schwarzbach, V., Kellermann, R., Biehle, Tr., 2020. Verkehrsl¨osung oder Technikhype? Ergebnisbericht zur Einstellung der Bürgerinnen und Bürger gegenüber dem Einsatz von Lieferdrohnen und Flugtaxis im st¨adtischen Luftraum in Deutschland.

• Eißfeldt, H., Vogelpohl, V., Stolz, M., Papenfuß, A., Biella, M., Belz, J., & Kügler, D. (2020). The acceptance of civil drones in Germany. CEAS Aeronautical Journal, 11(3), 665–676.

• Fadhil, D. N. (2018). A GIS-based analysis for selecting ground infrastructure locations for urban air mobility. inlangen]. Master’s Thesis, Technical University of Munich.

• Fox, Business, 2021. Archer to launch flying taxi network in LA by 2024 | Fox Business Video. In: Fox Bus. https://www.foxbusiness.com/video/6236711269001.

• Fu, M., Rothfeld, R., & Antoniou, C. (2019b). Exploring preferences for transportation modes in an urban air mobility environment: Munich Case study. Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2673(10), 427–442.

• Geronimo, M.F., Martinez, E.G.H., Vazquez, E.D.F., Godoy, J.J.F., Anaya, G.F., 2021. A multiagent systems with Petri Net approach for simulation of urban traffic networks. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 89, 101662.

• Goyal, R., Reiche, C., Fernando, C., & Cohen, A. (2021). Advanced Air Mobility: Demand analysis and market potential of the airport shuttle and air taxi markets. Sustainability, 13(13), 7421.

• Hae Choi, & Park, Y. (2022). Exploring economic feasibility for airport shuttle service of urban air mobility (UAM). Transportation Research Part a Policy and Practice, 162, 267–281.

• Hasan, S., 2019. Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Market Study. NASA Urban Air Mobility. http s://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190026762/downloads/20190026762.pdf.

• Hill, B. P., DeCarme, D., Metcalfe, M., Griffin, C., Wiggins, S., Metts, C., Bastedo, B., Patterson, M. D., & Mendonca, N. L. (2020, December 2). UAM Vision Concept of Operations (CONOPS) UAM Maturity Level (UML) 4. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS).

• Holden and Goel, (2016). Fast-Forwarding to a Future of On-Demand Urban Air Transportation.

• https://airnow.tehran.ir/, 1403

• https://amar.thmporg.ir/, 1403

• https://iies.mop.ir/, 1403

• https://rahvar120.ir/, 1403

• https://www.intervistas.com/, 2024

• https://www.lufthansa.com/, 2024

• https://www.mporg.ir/, 1403

• https://www.post.ir/, 1403

• https://www.weforum.org/, 2024

• Ilahi, A., Belgiawan, P. F., Balac, M., & Axhausen, K. W. (2021). Understanding travel and mode choice with emerging modes; a pooled SP and RP model in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. Transportation Research Part a Policy and Practice, 150, 398–422.

• Janotta, F., & Hogreve, J. (2021). Understanding user acceptance of air taxis - Empirical insights following a flight in virtual reality. Open Science Framework.

• Johnson, W., Silva, C., & Solis, E. (2018). Concept vehicles for VTOL air taxi operations. In Proceedings of the AHS International Technical Meeting on Aeromechanics Design for Transformative Vertical Flight 2018. American Helicopter Society International.

• Kaito, B. (2018). “Drone” icon from the Noun Project. (image 811241) Available online: https://thenounproject.com/icon/drone-811241/).

• Kreimeier, M., Strathoff, P., Gottschalk, D., & Stumpf, E. (2018). Economic Assessment of Air Mobility On-Demand Concepts. Journal of Air Transportation, 26(1), 23–36.

• Langford, J. S., & Hall, D. K. (2020). Electrified aircraft propulsion. The Bridge, 50(2), 21–27. Available online: https://www.nae.edu/234444/Electrified-Aircraft- Propulsion. Accessed June 28, 2021.

• Lilium, 2022. Helity and Lilium Join Forces to Bring High Speed Electric Air Mobility to Southern Spain - Lilium. https://lilium.com/newsroom-detail/helity-lilium-develop-network-andalusia.

• Lim, E., Hwang, H., 2019. The selection of vertiport location for on-demand mobility and its application to seoul metro area. Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 20 (1), 260–272.

• Lin, Z., Xie, F., & Ou, S. (2020). Modeling the external effects of air taxis in reducing the energy consumption of road traffic. Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2674(12), 176–187.

• Pakusch, C., & Bossauer, P. (2017). User Acceptance of Fully Autonomous Public Transport.

• Planing, P., & Pinar, Y. (2019). Acceptance of air taxis - A field study during the first flight of an air taxi in a European city. Open Science Framework.

• Rajendran, S., & Zack, J. (2019). Insights on strategic air taxi network infrastructure locations using an iterative constrained clustering approach. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics And Transportation Review, 128, 470-505.

• Rajendran, S., Srinivas, S., & Grimshaw, T. (2021). Predicting demand for air taxi urban aviation services using machine learning algorithms. Journal of Air Transport Management, 92, 102043.

• Rath, S., & Chow, J. Y. (2019). Air Taxi Skyport Location Problem for Airport Access. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.01497.

• Rimjha, M., Hotle, S., Trani, A., et al., 2021A. Urban air mobility demand estimation for airport access: A Los Angeles international airport case study. In: 2021 Integrated Communications Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS), pp. 1–15.

• Rimjha, M., Hotle, S., Trani, A., Hinze, N., 2021B. Commuter demand estimation and feasibility assessment for urban air mobility in northern California. Transp Res Part Policy Pract 148, 506–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.03.020.

• Riza, L., Bruehl, R., Fricke, H., & Planing, P. (2024). Will air taxis extend public transportation? A scenario-based approach on user acceptance in different urban settings. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 23, 101001.

• Sanchez, K., Foster, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., May, A., Ramani, T., Zietsman, J., & Khreis, H. (2020). Urban policy interventions to reduce traffic emissions and traffic-related air pollution: Protocol for a systematic evidence map. Environment International, 142, 105826.

• SEA, (2022). Urban Air Mobility: the City Is Getting Closer | SEA Corporate. https://seami lano.eu/en/urban-air-mobility. (Accessed 23 May 2023).

• Silva, C., Johnson, W.R., Solis, E., Patterson, M.D., Antcliff, K.R., 2018. VTOL urban air mobility concept vehicles for technology development. In: In 2018 Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, p. 3847.

• Sinha, A. A., & Rajendran, S. (2022). A novel two-phase location analytics model for determining operating station locations of emerging air taxi services. Decision Analytics Journal, 2, 100013.

• Sinha, A. A., & Rajendran, S. (2023). Study on facility location of air taxi skyports using a prescriptive analytics approach. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 18, 100761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100761

• Stolz, M., & Laudien, T. (2022). Assessing Social Acceptance of Urban Air Mobility using Virtual Reality. 2022 IEEE/AIAA 41st Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC).

• Straubinger, A., Michelmann, J., & Biehle, T. (2021). Business model options for passenger urban air mobility. CEAS Aeronautical Journal, 12(2), 361–380.

• Sun, Q., Sun, Y., Sun, L., Li, Q., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., He, H., 2019. Research on traffic congestion characteristics of city business circles based on TPI data: The case of Qingdao, China. Phys. A Statist. Mech. Appl. 534, 122214.

• Thaler, R., 1985. Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice. Marketing Science 4 (3), 199–214. http://www.jstor.org/stable/183904.

• Uber (2016). Fast forwarding to a future of on-demand urban air transportation. Uber Elevate White Paper, Uber, San Francisco, CA, October 27. Available online: https://evtol.news/__media/PDFs/UberElevateWhitePaperOct2016.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2022.

• Vascik, P.D., Hansman, R.J., 2018. Scaling constraints for urban air mobility operations: Air traffic control, ground infrastructure, and noise. In: In 2018 Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, p. 3849.

• Volocopter, 2021A. Volocopter and kakao mobility partner on urban air mobility study in South Korea. In: Volocopter. https://www.volocopter.com/newsroom/volocopt er-and-kakao-mobility-partner-on-urban-air-mobility-study-in-south-korea/.

• Volocopter, 2021B. Urban air mobility: atlantia, aeroporti di Roma, and volocopter to bring electric air taxis to Italy. In: Volocopter. https://www.volocopter.com/ne wsroom/atlantia-aeroportodiroma-volocopter-bring-airtaxis-to-italy/.

• Willey, L.C., Salmon, J.L., 2021. A method for urban air mobility network design using hub location and subgraph isomorphism. Transport. Res. C Emerg. Technol. 125, 102997.

• Yedavalli, P., Mooberry, J., 2018. An Assessment of Public Perception of Urban Air Mobility (UAM). https://storage.googleapis.com/blueprint/AirbusUTM_Full_ Community_PerceptionStudy.pdf.

• Zahra, S., Ghazanfar, M., Khalid, A., Azam, M., Naeem, U., Prugel-Bennett, A., 2015. Novel centroid selection approaches for KMeans-clustering based recommender systems. Inf. Sci. 320, 156–189.